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Who studies volcanoes?

Volcanologists are experts in understanding volcanoes because they are intimately familiar with the chemistry and the structure of the planet and its rocks, while also having extensive knowledge in knowing how volcanic material interacts with water and air. Volcanologists are true geologists who regularly make important contributions to the scientific community.

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What is the size of Earth?

The oblate geometry of the Earth has interesting consequences. One result of the planet's equatorial bulge is that the circumference of the Earth at its equator is 24,902 miles, while the pole-to-pole, or meridional, circumference is only 24,860 miles, a difference of 42 miles. This difference is the reason the Earth is technically known as an oblate spheroid.

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What is biological evolution?

In order for a change to be defined as biological evolution, it has to occur because of genetic influences. For example, a tree losing its leaves is not biological evolution, but if those leaves turn a darker shade of green over multiple generations it is.One theory underpinning biological evolution is that all species descended from one common ancestor. They eventually grew to separate into different species as they adapted to their respective lifestyles and environments. One example of a species adapting to its environment and lifestyle is humans developing a bipedal stance. Prior to walking..

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Which elements make up limestone?

In order for a rock to be limestone in a geological sense, it must contain at least 50 percent calcite and dolomite combined and 50 percent or less of other elements. Commercial limestone contains 80 percent calcite and dolomite and 20 percent other elements.Limestone can be categorized into different kinds. Calcite limestone has more than 90 percent calcite and at least 10 percent dolomite, while dolomitic limestone must contain 10 to 50 percent dolomite and calcitic limestone must have 10 to 50 percent calcite. Limestone containing more than 90 percent dolomite is dolomite limestone.

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How do earthquakes effect the environment?

Pennsylvania State University explains that the deep-penetrating seismic waves of an earthquake can unsettle mountainous regions, leading to catastrophic landslides that may disturb the surrounding ecosystem for a number of years. Scientific American uses the example of the 2011 earthquake in Japan as an event that had a far-reaching environmental impact on people, animals and the surrounding ecosystem. The magazine explains that nuclear reactor damage is a significant environmental issue anytime a major earthquake occurs, and that fallout from the 2011 earthquake resulted in a lack of safe dr..

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What are some tsunami experiments that kids can do?

To start the experiment, put the tank on the wooden table, and fill around 10 percent of the container with water. Mark the water level, and then use the rubber mallet to pummel the table until a wave appears in the water. Mark the height of the wave, and classify it as “trial 1” on the glass. Repeat the previous steps, and label the wave as “trial 2.”\nStrike the bottom of the table, just below the container, using the same amount of force to create a wave through the water. Mark the height of the wave as “trial 3.” Do the steps at least two times, and label the subsequent waves a..

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What is an oxygen sag curve?

When the water in a stream or river is polluted and bacteria decompose the excess organic material, they go through a process called bacterial respiration. During this process, bacteria take in organic material and oxygen and release carbon dioxide, water and energy. This process uses the oxygen in the water. As the organic material in the water is used up, the oxygen content in the water rises to normal levels.\nBecause of the lack of oxygen, aerobic or oxygen-using organisms cannot live in areas affected by sag curves. Instead, anaerobic bacteria remain in this area, producing toxic chemical..

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What does iodine look like?

Iodine has such a strong color that it has been used in dyes for various functions, including basic printing and even medical diagnostic dyes. Although iodine is a useful element that's necessary for human health, it is very dangerous in its pure form. When working with elemental iodine in either the solid crystal or vapor phase, safety precautions must be taken, as the solid, concentrated form is highly dangerous.

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What is cm3 measurement?

A cubic centimeter, or milliliter, is a unit of volume equivalent to the space that a box would take up if it were one centimeter in length, width and height. A cubic centimeter is 1/1000000 the volume of a cubic meter, or 1 * 10^-6 the volume of a cubic meter. It is also 1/1000 the volume of a liter. Cubic centimeters are sometimes referred to as "cc's," a common term used in medicine when describing units of volume such as blood or a drug.

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What is an experiment called when only one variable is changed at a time?

The component of an experiment that is subject to manipulation is called the independent variable. In a controlled experiment, a researcher would observe the response of the component that remains unchanged, referred to as the dependent variable, when manipulation occurs. For example, if it is hypothesized that children are more cooperative when they are rewarded, the researcher would first observe levels of cooperation without a reward and then note the effects once a reward was introduced. If the children become more cooperative, this supports the researcher's hypothesis. This is so bec..

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