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What are the advantages of being multicellular?

Flatworms are an example of a relatively simple multicellular organism that exhibits cell differentiation but not the amount of complexity seen in species that possess organ systems. The cells on the outer surface of a flatworm's body serve the specialized functions of absorbing food from the environment and protecting the cells that make up the inside of the organism. Because of this outer protective layer, a state of balance, or homeostasis, is able to be maintained on both the cellular and organismal levels. However, because the flatworm lacks organ systems, its body must be flat to en..

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What happens to the electrons when sodium and chlorine combine?

The electrons of an atom are not found in the nucleus with the protons and neutrons. Instead, they travel around the nucleus in orbitals. These orbitals are also called energy shells. An element is most stable when it has eight electrons in its outer energy shell.\n\nThe octet rule is a chemistry principle that says elements lose or gain electrons in an attempt to become more stable. Scientists say they attempt to attain noble gas configuration or become more like the nearest noble gas on the periodic table. When chlorine reacts with other elements, for example, it attempts to attain the elect..

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How do plants help us?

According to the Missouri Botanical Garden, plants are able to convert light energy into food. This makes them indispensable for a number of ecosystems around the world. Without plants, the food chain would not have one of its most fundamental and necessary links. Energy in food form, even meat, ultimately comes from the sun and plants by extension.\nIn addition to creating food, plants also make oxygen. This is a by product of the food development stage, but it is also incredibly important to sustaining life on the planet.\nPlants do more than just provide these two necessary functions, howev..

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What are the effects of industrial pollution?

The health of humans and animals is a primary concern with industrial pollution. Air pollution that impacts the ground-level ozone can weaken respiratory systems, reduce lung function and increase respiratory inflammation in humans and animals alike. When exposed to air pollution, people may experience nausea, pulmonary congestion and chest pains.\nIndustrial pollution affects the growth of plants, crops and animals, thus reducing natural resources. When air quality is low due to industrial pollution, the ozone damages the forest ecosystems and crops. Bodies of water that are polluted by indus..

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Does salt affect the freezing point of water?

Freezing happens when the temperature of water lowers considerably to a point where the water molecules move so slowly that they can no longer avoid the intermolecular force of attraction. As a result, the molecules bind together into a lattice that eventually forms ice.\nWater molecules move between the solid and liquid states at a uniform rate when the water is at the freezing temperature. When salt is introduced into the water, it disrupts this equilibrium and there will be fewer water molecules at the interface between the solid and liquid states.\nThe salt particles create a blockage at t..

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What is the Skylab space station?

Skylab nearly failed before it ever became operational. The station was damaged during launch, when a meteorite shield was torn away and its solar panels also sustained damage. The first manned mission to the station had to perform elaborate and unprecedented spacewalk repairs in order to make the station habitable and restore enough power to render it operational. During the repair process, the solar panel deployed suddenly, shaking both spacewalking astronauts from the station's surface. Fortunately, their safety tethers kept them from drifting off into space.\nWhile Skylab's last ..

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How can you describe the somatic vs. autonomic nervous system?

The nervous system is composed of all the nerve tissue in the body. This system is further divided into other nervous systems, grouped together by type of nerve tissue. Two of these systems are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Biologically, the somatic nervous system connects external sensory organs through the brain to the muscles; the autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, connects the brain, spinal cord, organs, and glands. These connections in the body cause the systems to have their different functions in the nervous system.\nBecause the somatic system connects with muscle..

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What drives the process of plate tectonics?

The movement of plates is extremely slow, from a human perspective, with each plate moving relative to the others only centimeters or less a year. Seven major moving plates are recognized by plate tectonics. Each boundary between the plates has characteristic features based on how they move relative to each other. Oceanic plates, or the crustal plates at the bottom of the oceans, spread apart from one another. This produces a chain of volcanoes winding through the oceans of the world, such as the mid-Atlantic ridge, where mantle material leaks up through the separation of the plates.\nWhere th..

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How many super volcanoes are there in the world?

According to Wikipedia, a supervolcano is any volcano that is capable of ejecting at least 1,000 cubic kilometers of rock in a single event. The term is used in connection with both large eruptions, such as occurred at Toba 78,000 years ago, and with large basaltic lava flows, such as the eruption of the Siberian traps.

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Which element has the lowest electronegativity?

Because francium has the lowest electronegativity of all elements, it does not hang on to its electrons tightly. The element with the highest electronegativity on the periodic table is fluorine, which has a value of 4.0. Fluorine hangs on to its electrons tightly and, in fact, tries to take electrons from other atoms as well. Metals with low electronegativity, such as francium, belong to the group of elements called alkali metals. Nonmetals such as fluorine belong to the halogen group.

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