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What are some ionosphere facts?

The ionosphere is charged by radiation emanating from the sun. Ultraviolet solar radiation charges the particles, causing electrons to separate from atoms and electromagnetically mix with the remaining ions, creating the layer of plasma that surrounds the Earth.\nThis layer of plasma greatly influences atmospheric electricity, the electrical charges that are present in the Earth's atmosphere. The ionosphere is part of the global atmospheric electrical circuit. It plays an important role in propagating radio signals around the Earth. The radio signals bounce off of the ionosphere and ricoc..

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What determines the pitch of sound?

When multiple instruments play the same pitch, the wavelengths they emit are the same length. Different instruments have different overtones, which are frequencies higher than the fundamental frequency of a sound. These overtones create the variation in sounds from instruments playing the same pitch.\nSound waves also have different amplitudes. Amplitude, or height of the peak of a wave, determines how loud a sound is, but it does not change the pitch.

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How does filtration work?

The filter permits water to pass while retaining most solid matter. The process of filtration is typically done repeatedly to ensure that unwanted particles are removed from the water. The method of filtering water through a granular bed is called slow sand filtration. This is the oldest filtration method, but it is still commonly used in municipal water treatment plants today.\nIn modern filtration systems, a multimedia filter is used. The filter’s primary constituent material is carbon, which forms a solid block unlike the loosely structured sand filters. Aside from solid carbon, the water..

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Can a tornado occur during a snowstorm?

Cold air funnels and winter water sprouts are also tornadoes and commonly occur during cold weather but are not associated with storms. A cold air funnel is a small tornado that can develop from a small thunderstorm. While technically a tornado, a cold air funnel does not typically cause much damage and may not even touch down, causing minimal wind damage, if any at all.\nWhen a tornado occurs over water, it is called a water spout. A winter water sprout is sometimes called a "snownado" and is very rare. Water sprouts are funnel clouds that develop over water and, like other tornadoes, require..

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What is a lunar rover?

Vehicles on the lunar surface must operate within a low-gravity vacuum. Lunar rovers were utilized by the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions, where they allowed astronauts to explore over an expanded range. The first Lunar Roving Vehicle used independently powered electric motors on its wheels, massed 210 kilograms and used titanium on its tires to dig into the lunar surface.

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What is the density of benzaldehyde?

Benzaldehyde occurs in nature from the breakdown of amygdalin, a glycozide found in apricots, almonds, cherry kernels and apples. It can be oxydized to produce benzoic acid and hydrogenated to produce benzyl alcohol. Benzaldehyde is classified as a hazardous substance by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is used as a flavoring agent and a fragrance in the food and cosmetic industry, and it is generally regarded as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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How do seeds germinate?

A seed is alive, but is simply suspended until germination. The bulk of a seed is a starchy substance; it breaks down and is used as fuel by the baby plant until it gets enough sunlight to sustain itself. There is a tiny plant embryo somewhere in every seed, and just adding water is often enough to trigger growth and germination. The environmental conditions don't have to be exact, so germination can begin in a variety of conditions depending on the seed type and location.

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What has wavelengths that are shorter than visible light?

Visible light is just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from low frequency radio waves to high frequency gamma rays. The visible spectrum starts just above the infrared region and ends just below the ultraviolet region. Infrared is detected as heat, or thermal energy.\nUltraviolet radiation is one of the primary causes of sunburns. The shorter wavelengths penetrate clouds that typically block visible spectrum light.

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Through which substance does sound travel fastest?

Sound is a disturbance through a substance that is perceived by the ear and responded to in the brain, as stated by NASA. A substance transmits sound the vibrations move from one molecule to another, creating a wave. The speed at which sound travels changes according to whether the substance it is moving through is a gas, liquid or solid.When the molecules are far apart, such as in a gas like air, the sound wave travels more slowly because there is a greater distance between the molecules. If the gas is damp, such as humid air, the speed increases. Sound travels faster in a liquid; in fact, th..

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What muscles do crunches work?

The crunch is an anaerobic, strength-training exercise that does not contribute to weight loss; however, it strengthens the core and leads to improved balance and posture. Crunches are most effective when performed slowly. The oblique muscles run perpendicularly along the sides of the torso. They support bending and twisting, and they help the digestive process by compressing the abdominal contents.

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