Science

Refine Search

How do I calculate density?

Find the mass of the itemPlace the item on an accurate scale, and record the mass in grams.Find the volume of the itemIf the item is a regular shape like a cube, volume can be calculated using a mathematical formula. If the item is an irregular shape, it must first be broken down into regular shapes before the volume can be calculated. Record the volume in cubic centimeters.Calculate densityTo find the density of the item, divide the mass by the volume to determine density in units of grams per cubic centimeter.

Continue Reading

What do antibodies do?

Antibodies, a type of specialized protein, can turn on complement, or a protein group found in the immune system, that help kill antigens. Antibodies can twist their shape so that they can bind to their targets effectively. Antibodies might be enough to coat a virus and stop infection. Against bacteria, antibodies act as markers for other cells in the immune system to recognize and destroy the bacteria. T cells help antibodies by destroying antigen.\nThe human body contains millions of types of antibodies. The blood cells that produce antibodies, called lymphocytes, create different types of a..

Continue Reading

What is the formula for thermal energy?

Thermal energy, also referred to as internal energy, pertains to the energy that drives the constant and random movement of atoms or molecules contained in a substance or system. Based on its formula, it forms a direct correlation with the mass of the substance, specific heat and difference in temperature. The standard units for these physical quantities are given in kilograms for mass, Joules per kilogram degree Celsius for specific heat and degree Celsius for temperature.

Continue Reading

What is the Euglena gracilis?

Euglenia gracilis is just one of many similar creatures in the Euglenia genus. Most of them are aquatic species; Euglenia gracilis lives in fresh water. It can also survive in marine environments and in moist soil. Another notable feature of Euglena gracilis is that it possesses a pigmented eyespot. It uses the eyespot, which is red, to find sunlight to grow. When Euglenia gracilis is placed under dark conditions, it reduces its number of chloroplasts. It is capable of increasing its number of chloroplasts again when conditions change.

Continue Reading

Why do animals have different ear shapes?

The primary purpose of the outer ear is to gather sound waves for hearing. The shape of the outer ear reflects this. Nocturnal animals and animals that live in dim habitats have larger outer ears because they rely more on sound than animals who are awake during the day and use more visual cues. Sea animals and birds do not have outer ears because they would make too much noise from drag when the animal swims or flies.\nEar shapes also reflect other adaptations. Elephants, fennec foxes and many desert animals have large ears to help them stay cool. Blood travels through the animals' ears a..

Continue Reading

How long does a fractured vertebra take to heal?

Humans have 33 different vertebrae. Scientists and doctors group the vertebrae into different sections. The neck is comprised of seven cervical vertebrae, while the upper back contains 12 thoracic vertebrae. Five lumbar vertebrae support the lower back. The sacrum has five fused vertebra, and the coccyx has four fused vertebrae. According to the Mayfield Clinic, 64 percent of all broken vertebrae occur in the lumbar region.\nThe human vertebrae are comprised of three primary components. The vertebral body forms the posterior side of the bone and supplies the bulk of the vertebrae’s mass. The..

Continue Reading

What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of 10^-8 mol/L?

If pH decreases by 1, the hydrogen ion concentration is 10 times higher. Pure water at room temperature (about 25 C) has a pH of 7 and a hydrogen ion concentration of 10^-7 mol/L. Higher concentrations have a pH lower than 7 and are acidic. Lower concentrations correspond to higher pH and are basic.

Continue Reading

What hormone regulates blood calcium levels?

Maintaining a level blood calcium concentration is crucial to the function of nerves and muscle contractions. The parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is excreted from the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels drop. The bones, intestines and kidneys are targeted during the release of PTH. The function of PTH varies, but in general, the hormone helps to stimulate reabsorption of the calcium and acts as a trigger to increase calcium absorption in the intestines. When the blood calcium levels rise, the PTH release is inhibited.

Continue Reading

What are some common autumn colors in Michigan?

A few northern areas of Michigan's Southern Peninsula and several areas of the Northern Peninsula are the first to experience peak autumn colors, usually in mid-September to early October. The shorelines along the Great Lakes are often the last, with the most vibrant colors visible in mid-to-late October. Among the most colorful trees in Michigan during the fall season are the maple, black walnut and aspen trees.

Continue Reading

How do you use Grignard reagents in alcohol synthesis?

Prepare the Grignard reagentPour 75 milligrams of magnesium into a conical vial equipped with a magnetic spin vane and a condenser. Add one crystal of iodine, and then add 500 microliters of anhydrous ether. In another vial, mix 530 microliters of bromopentane into 600 microliters of anhydrous diethyl ether. Draw the bromopentane solution into a syringe, and inject six drops into the rubber septum on the first vial's condenser. Stir the mixture, and slowly add the rest of the bromopentane solution over a five-minute period. Heat the solution slightly, and stir it for 15 minutes. Let it co..

Continue Reading
Showing 9771 to 9780 of 10000 (1000 Pages)