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Why do Jupiter and Saturn radiate more energy than what they receive from the Sun?

When planets form, they are extremely hot and radiate a lot of energy. Over time, they cool and give off less heat. Because Jupiter is so large, it radiates more energy than it gets from the Sun. By contrast, Saturn is smaller, so it formed at a lower temperature than Jupiter and cooled more quickly due to its higher surface to volume ratio. This lower temperature results in a net gain in energy radiation. According to the University of Oregon, the helium in Saturn’s atmosphere began to rain as the temperature fell. As the liquid helium rubs against the hydrogen in the atmosphere, it causes ..

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What is the definition of "cyanaurate"?

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, the cyanide process to create a cyanaurate involves using sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide in a dilution to separate silver and gold from raw ore. This three-step process includes adding finely ground ore to a cyanide solution, sorting the solids from the clear solution, and then collecting the gold and silver using precipitation of zinc dust. This process was developed in 1887 by John S. MacArthur, Robert W. Forrest and William Forrest, giving it its alternate name, the MacAuthur-Forrest process.

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How do fish mate?

Apart from building a nest, some spawners carry their embryos and their young around with them, while some, like the substrate spawners, scatter the eggs in the environment and do not guard the eggs or their young after spawning.\nLive-bearing fish, which make up about 1 percent of all known fish species, mate to reproduce. The male inseminates the female through a modified fin called a gonopodium. The female livebearer stores the male's sperm and produces several broods of young fry, or newborn fish, from this single insemination.

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Can you make a penny float on water?

As a general rule, a denser object will sink in a less dense liquid. The exception is when the surface tension of a liquid can overcome the force of gravity of the dense object. Due to the large difference in density between the American penny and water, the surface tension is not sufficient to keep a coin afloat.

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What are some global warming slogans?

Several sites on the Internet list global warming slogans. Slogans Motto contains several phrases that highlight environmental problems. Readers can submit their own slogans and upload images. These slogans may be voted up or down by visitors to the site. One popular slogan listed on the site reads: "Earth: warning, contents may be hot." Shout Slogans has a similar theme, with several quotes on global warming and the opportunity to vote them up or down. "Be nice--save the ice" and "it can mean disaster if the temperature rises faster" are two examples of slogans listed on the site.\nGlobal war..

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What are examples of Bose-Einstein condensate?

Bose-Einstein condensates exhibit peculiar characteristics and form in only the most extreme circumstances. In the case of a neutron star, the atoms are crammed so closely together that they behave as though they were a single atom. Neutron stars are among the densest objects known in the universe. If a baseball were made of the material from a neutron star, it would weigh more than 20 trillion kilograms. In fact, the escape velocity required to launch a rocket from the surface of a neutron star is about half of the speed of light.\nCold liquid helium becomes a superfluid. This means that the ..

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Where does testosterone come from?

Testosterone is a 19-carbon steroid hormone made from cholesterol. Pure or free testosterone, unbound to proteins, makes up about 2 to 3 percent of total testosterone levels. In this form, it is able to enter cells and activate receptors.\nTestosterone bound to sex-hormone-binding-globulin, a protein produced in the liver, is biologically inactive. It does not provide any of the benefits of pure testosterone, but makes up about 40 to 50 percent of the total testosterone levels. The remainder of testosterone is bound to albumin, another protein produced in the liver. Although albumin-bound test..

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What is the formula for lead (IV) nitrite?

Lead(IV) nitrite is made from a combination of the lead ion with a charge of +4, as indicated by the Roman numeral IV in parentheses, and the nitrite ion, written as NO2 with a charge of -1. Lead(IV) nitrite has a molar mass of about 391.22 grams per mole. The related compound lead(IV) nitrate has a formula of Pb(NO3)4.

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What are "Ka" and "Kb"?

It's important to note that Ka and pH, while they describe similar things, aren't the same. In the same manner, Kb and pOH describe different things. The most common use of Ka and Kb are in equilibrium equations. For the acid HA, Ka is always equal to the product of the concentrations of hydronium and conjugate base ions divided by the concentration of the acid (Ka = ([A-][H+])/[HA]).

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What is a haploid cell?

Diploid cells generate haploid cells in a process called meiosis. Normal cell division is called mitosis and produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half. This process occurs in two divisions. Meiosis I halves the number of chromosomes in the diploid cell, a cell with two sets of chromosomes. Once the chromosomes are reduced, the cells go through meiosis II, which is comparable to mitosis. The two daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell duplicate their chromosom..

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